Monthly Archives: February 2009

Mining terms from the Book of Mormon

Language Log is one of my favorite daily blog reads, and today it had among other things a post about an online “term mining” tool (Termine) that analyzes text to attempt to identify multi-word terms (e.g., technical terms) within the text. The intended target for this tools is biomedical documents (the default setting for the online tool presumes that you’re submitting such a document), but I thought it might be fun to run the Book of Mormon (1830 text) through it. I tracked down an online version of the 1830 text (with no modern versification, etc.), saved it as a text file on my hard drive, then uploaded it to the online tool (changing the POS Tagger setting to “Tree Tagger 3.1”, described as “more suited to generic text”).

The results are after the jump. The “Score” (value to the right) is not just a straight frequency count but also indicates how often the term (or portions thereof) appears in other terms, which is why you end up with fractional values for some terms. It’s explained in more detail at the website for the tool (where it’s referred as the “C-Value”).

The results are interesting, if a bit mixed. Termine obviously assumes that it is parsing modern technical English and so trips up a bit when trying to parse archaic English in the Book of Mormon. So, for example, the single most frequent ‘term’ is “thou hast” (with “thou art” coming in at #6).  Likewise, sequences such as “thy <noun>”, “o <noun>”, “<verb> ye/thou” and “art <word>” are mistakenly identified as terms and show up in the list.

(Also, for reasons that totally baffle me, in Termine’s results all the terms based on kings’ names [“King Benjamin”] have the word “king” replaced with “kingbolt” [e.g., “kingbolt benjamin”]. I have no idea why — it’s certainly not in the text — and I may contact the tool’s authors to find out what’s happening. I’ve change those back in the table below.)

There are no great surprises in the results, though there are some interesting terms high on the list.  After the top ones that you would expect — “Lord God”, “Holy Ghost” and “Jesus Christ” — comes “beloved brethren”. And the socio-political nature of the Book of Mormon is reflected in the next two top terms: “judgment seat” and “chief judge”. Interestingly, from what I can tell, “judgment seat” is used strictly as a religious term (“judgment seat of God/Christ”) by in the personal writings, sermons, and editorial comments of Nephi1, Jacob, Mormon2 and Moroni, and strictly as a political term in the sections in-between (Alma 1 through 3 Nephi 7).

A bit further down the list is “foolish traditions”, which only appears within a subsection of the book of Alma (chapters 8, 21, 30 and 31) but is used by four different groups/individuals — the people of Ammonihah, an Amalekite [probably “Amlicite”; cf. this article] living among the Lamanites, the antichrist Korihor, and the Zoramites — in describing the Christ-centered Nephite religious beliefs. Apparently, it was a popular, if short-lived, derogatory phrase among those not of or opposed to the Nephite “Church of God“. I also have to wonder if the phrase wasn’t originally used or popularized by Alma2 and the sons of King Mosiah during their rebellious phase, since all four recorded incidents of its use are aimed at Alma2 or one of the sons of Mosiah. (To be strictly accurate, Korihor uses “foolish traditions” with some other leaders, then talks about “silly traditions” to Alma2). On the other hand, the Nephites tend to refer to the traditions of the Lamanites as “incorrect” or sometimes “wicked”, so there may be a bit of tit-for-tat going on here.

Anyway, have fun! The complete table is after the jump. ..bruce..

Continue reading Mining terms from the Book of Mormon

LDS history and organization: a cautionary tale from the Catholics

Within the LDS Church, we continue to debate publicly and agonize privately over issues in LDS history (hagiography, naturalism, etc.) as well as occasionally getting our knickers in a twist over perceived or real issues in LDS leadership, both local and general. However, I think we sometimes lose perspective at just how open our history is and how self-correcting our organization is.

I write this because while doing my usual scan of the blogosphere this morning, I stumbled across a series of posts having to do with a Catholic order — the Legion of Christ — and the parallel lay organization, the Regnum Christi Movement. I claim no particular knowledge of or familiarity with either group or their respective context within the Catholic Church. But what is clear from the posting I’ve read today is that the founder of the Legion of Christ, Father Marciel Maciel, who died about a year ago and who is very much venerated by the LC and RC membership, is now acknowledged to have fathered at least one child out of wedlock (on top of earlier accusations regarding sexual abuse of young men).  This appears to be quite devastating for those who have been defending Fr. Maciel’s name for some time (mostly in light of the earlier accusations). Here are some more links to discussions on this issue: here, here, here, here and here.

I write none of this to somehow attack the Catholic Church or its beliefs; to the contrary, the Catholic Church itself appears to be doing its best to deal honestly and appropriately with these issues, which really exist in organizations outside of itself. Instead, I think there are two important lessons here for us, one in terms of LDS history, the other in terms of LDS organization.

First, the sense I get from the various postings on this subject is that Fr. Maciel was revered by LC and RC members to a degree that even the most zealous Joseph Smith fan might flinch from. To quote from the New York Times article:

In Catholic religious orders, members are taught to identify with the spirituality and values of the founder. That was taken to an extreme in the Legionaries, said the Rev. Stephen Fichter, a priest in New Jersey who left the order after 14 years.

“Father Maciel was this mythical hero who was put on a pedestal and had all the answers,” Father Fichter said. “When you become a Legionarie, you have to read every letter Father Maciel ever wrote, like 15 or 16 volumes. To hear he’s been having this double life on the side, I just don’t see how they’re going to continue.”

Of course, we’re studying writings of Joseph Smith in Priesthood and Relief Society, and the LDS Church is now putting out 30 volumes of of the Joseph Smith papers. But the recent trends in “faithful” LDS historical scholarship have almost all been towards frankness (Rough Stone Rolling, David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism, Lengthen Your Stride: The Presidency of Spencer W. Kimball) to an extent never seen before. There has been much debate in the Bloggernacle and elsewhere about “inoculation” and openness in LDS history; I think that the issues surround Fr. Maciel suggest the need to continue that openness.

Second, for all the grousing that goes on about the “Mormon hierarchy” or, on occasion, the lay nature of most LDS leadership, I think that the host of problems and the apparent divisiveness that appear to surround the Legion of Christ and Regnum Christi, particularly in light of the new information about Fr. Maciel, underscore the danger of such ancillary priesthood orders and lay organizations. While an undergrad at BYU (1970s), I remember having a discussion with one of my professors about some friends who were starting an independent scripture study group. The professor said — half-joking, half-serious — said, “You realize that’s how most apostate groups get started, don’t you?” Those friends didn’t apostatize, but I certainly ran into my share of such groups that had while I was at BYU, both as a student and as a teacher (cf. C. S. Lewis on “the lure of the Inner Ring“).

Try this thought-experiment: imagine organizing a group independent of the LDS Church explicitly (and strictly) led by Melchizedek priesthood holders, focused on the Restoration gospel, publishing its own books and materials, training its own personnel, and carrying out specific priesthood functions parallel to and independent of the Church. (Right now, depending upon your age, you may be thinking either of the Freeman Institute or one of the many Utah-based multi-level marketing corporations, but that’s not what I’m talking about.) Now imagine a lay (or, as we would say, “auxiliary”) organization specifically for families that reports to and is guided by this group, again all operating completely independent of the LDS Church itself.

Right about now, “train wreck” may be what is passing through your mind; it’s certainly what passes through mine.

We grouse at times about the quality of teaching and leadership within the LDS Church, about the arbitrary decisions often made by bishops and stake presidents, about the uniformity imposed by the Correlation Committee, and the simplicity of the “Sunday School answers”.

Yet, I think those are all either tremendous strengths or, at worst, acceptable issues that are much better than the alternatives.  While we all at times feel a wish to remake the Church in our own likeness and image, it is not at all clear that this would be a good thing for anyone but us, and possibly not even for ourselves.  In short, the next time you’re tempted to grouse about the Church, be careful what you wish for.  ..bruce..